Introduction to Criminology 4th edition by Schram

Introduction to Criminology, 4th edition by Schram, published by Sage, gives students a clear foundation in the study of crime, criminals, and social responses to lawbreaking. The book surveys crime data, research methods, biological and psychological perspectives, sociological theories, developmental and life-course approaches, and major categories of offending. Built for introductory criminology courses, it emphasizes how theory and evidence help explain patterns of crime across people, places, and situations. Readers are guided to think critically about prevention strategies, criminal justice policy, inequality, and the practical uses of criminological research.